ILLNESS AND ASTROLOGY
Disclaimer: I'm not a doctor and do not give medical advice. Nothing in this post should be construed as medical advice or diagnoses and you should always consult a reputable medical professional regarding your health.
Sometimes, it is possible to see health issues in astrology.
When I refer to the ruler of a house I mean the planet that rules the sign on the house cusp.
6th House/6th House ruler: traditionally the house of your day to day health issues. Transits and progressions to this house and/or its ruler may indicate a change in your health. But, this house is also about service to others and work routine
The Ascendant/Ascendant ruler: the AC is your body so an outer planet transit to the AC (especially a conjunction) can have a direct impact on the health. Same if an outer planet is aspecting the AC ruler. But often a major transit to the AC can simply indicate a change in identity
Natal Mars, the Sun and the Moon: these planets represent (respectively) vitality, life force and the body/women's health issues so transits to them sometimes indicate a change in health
As for which transits - any transit really, depending on where it's hitting your chart (outer planets are more likely to have an impact). We look at the energy of the planet to see how it might impact health. Here's a brief list. Note that these planets hitting any of the above areas of the natal chart do not always mean your health will be impacted.
Jupiter: expansion/growth (certain conditions can flare up)
Saturn: restriction/constriction, also associated with bones
Uranus: sudden events, accidents
Neptune: can have a weakening influence
Pluto: total transformation (from one state to another)
It's easier to see how these transits work after the fact. Meaning, you experience the illness and then look to see what was happening in the chart. Prediction of an illness is very, very difficult and I strongly caution against this because (as I noted above) the indicated houses and rulers mean other things besides health. For example, Saturn transiting your 6th House can be associated with some sort of health restriction but it can also mean you have more work to do or you decide to go on a diet or you have heavy obligations for someone.
There is a branch of astrology that's devoted to illness and medicine. It's traditional (under the heading of Renaissance and/or Medieval astrology I believe) and goes into much more detail than I have here. If this was something you decided to investigate further, know that any reputable astrologer (even someone who specialized in medicine) would never claim to offer cures or diagnoses.